AUSTIN NEEL
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: THE CURE IN THE CODE- HOW 20TH CENTURY LAW IS UNDERMINING 21ST CENTURY MEDICINE
Annotation:
From the history of drugs to the future of drugs, there have been significant changes to the way pharmacologists develop new drugs. Discovering different strains and how they affect people ensures that differing drugs are created to effectively treat different people. Using iPOP is the most effective way for this. Discovering which illnesses leads to others is pertinent to learn to be able to grow drug development to potentially prevent the growth of a harsher illness. This would be helpful for diseases such as HIV/AIDS. Gene therapy takes modern medicine to its limit.
Potential Quotes:
“We now have in hand the power to control almost any disease caused by our own rogue biochemistry or an infectious microbe.”
“Many disorders can't be cured by one-size-fits-all drugs because down at the molecular level each one is in fact a cluster of different disorders.”
“When we suddenly find ourselves diabetic, they will probably be able to tell us whether a viral infection or some other factor was to blame. When we try a potential cure, we will be able to track and get a first read on its efficacy almost immediately, down at the molecular level.”
“Some respond to metformin [a drug that suppresses glucose production in the liver], some don't. Some respond to anti-inflammatory medicine, some don't."
Assessment:
Because this is accessible through galileo.usg.edu, a credible source for articles, and utilizes many science facts and studies, this source is credible. Likewise, this article describes research and studies that have been conducted.
Reflection:
Since the article discusses the sciences behind medicines, how to discover new medicine, and how to effectively transform medicine, I will detail the effects of medicine and how to develop it for the future. Likewise, molecular science will be littered throughout my writing. Using new technology, such as the iPOP, can open the door to cures and cheaper medicine.
Citation:
Peter W. Huber is a senior fellow at the Manhattan Institute for Policy Research, where he specializes in issues related to technology, science, and law. This article was adapted with permission from his most recent book, The Cure in the Code: How 20th Century Law Is Undermining 21st Century Medicine (Basic Books, 2013).
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: CDC GLOBAL RAPID RESPONSE TEAM
Annotation:
“The need to detect and respond to disease outbreaks before they spread has long been recognized as a priority because uncontained outbreaks can rapidly proliferate into international emergencies.” (page 1) This source describes the global efforts to establish a fast response to outbreaks that the CDC has achieved. Since the Ebola outbreak, researchers have discovered the importance of responding quickly to ensure a lower mortality rate and lower risk of spreading the disease. Small groups of dedicated scientists respond to the outbreaks and attempt to contain them. The many field tests prove that the development of the GRRT has ensured the containment of the outbreaks and further stopped them from spreading. The Yellow Fever scare and Ebola outbreak were both contained and further researched when the GRRT was available to assist. The development of the CDC to create the GRRT highlighted the necessity for the CDC research tems to learn differing languages. Therefore, the CDC has included training for their researchers to learn languages and training for disease specific/high risk pathogens.
Potential Quotes:
There are many quotes that I can include in my paper that would be useful. Such quotes are about the containment of diseases and the effectiveness of the CDC with helping. “The need to detect and respond to disease outbreaks before they spread has long been recognized as a priority because uncontained outbreaks can rapidly proliferate into international emergencies.”
“CDC launched GRRT to address many of the challenges recognized during the Ebola response and to support other countries when their national response capacity is overwhelmed.”
“GRRT comprises a small group of dedicated responders and a large group of agency-wide surge staff. This model enables effective response to common events with a small number of experts while the team prepares for larger, rare events that necessitate substantial response.”
“Decisions to respond are based on, among other considerations, the urgency, public health impact, and availability of appropriate staff to fill the request. After the decision to respond is made, responders are selected according to their skills, experience, and availability.”
“The GRRT primary focus is international response, and responders are trained to work within varying cultural and environmental conditions outside the continental United States.”
“As the international emergency response community coordinates to build capacity around the world, GRRT will work diligently so that disease threats are rapidly detected, responded to, and controlled at their source, thereby ensuring global health security.”
Assessment:
Regardless that this source is a .com source, it is credible for many different reasons. This source is credible because the information came directly from the CDC. As referenced on the bottom of each page, the CDC is responsible for the information within the article, thus reflecting the well documented refrences from the CDC. The article thoroughly describes each aspect, specifically, the GRRT. Likewise, there are case studies within this website that prove how the GRRT is effective. The source is recent, and therefore, has up to date information.
Reflection:
Learning about this effort from the CDC to contain each outbreak has allowed me to visualize another possible career that I would love to look into. These scientists save lives each day by attempting to control outbreaks and treat the patients. I am going to research into this career field to discover more possibilities of how they learn to develop medicine through the use of these research teams. These research teams that contain the outbreaks may be vital to the development of new medicine to further counter the developing diseases. Because of all of this, the source has been really helpful to the research of my possible future career and assignments.
Citation:
Stehling-Ariza, Tasha, et al. “CDC Global Rapid Response Team.” Emerging Infectious Diseases, Dec. 2017, eds.b.ebscohost.com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?vid=16&sid=ec34ed04-1bbf-4651-92d3-29d385838c18%40sessionmgr101.
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY: IMPROVED GLOBAL CAPACITY FOR INFLUENZA SURVEILLANCE
Annotation:
This article describes the CDC's effort to attempt to help countries in need with combating strains of influenza. Eventually because of the the increase in routine surveillance and laboratory diagnostics, the CDC was able to show other countries how to maintain and prevent the spread of illnesses such as ebola and Middle East respiratory syndrome. However, when the testing began with it's experimentation, the main goal was to help provide protection against the constantly developing influenza strains. Through the implementation of routine surveillance and routine laboratory diagnostics, the CDC has been able to further teach countries to help prevent the spread of diseases. The surveillance helps the countries to be able to provide timely detection and response previous to the influenza outbreaks. Likewise, through the routine surveillance, the countries have knowledge of the circulating strains, which helps them know the strains to attempt to combat. A majority of the participating countries reported that the tactics that CDC taught them have significantly helped them with the prevention of outbreaks.
Potential Quotes:
"To foster sustainable development, the program prioritized the following principles: investing in routine national surveillance systems to ensure that capacities are regularly tested and used; providing long-term technical assistance; and supporting development."
"Besides having influenza testing, 28 countries reported adding additional pathogens to the routine platforms that were developed or enhanced through capacity strengthening."
"Among the 35 responding countries, 26 started the capacity-strengthening program before onset of the pH1N1 influenza outbreak; 25 of the 26 countries believed that capacity strengthening played a critical or major role in their pandemic response.
"Other key capacities described were the ability to understand seasonal trends, establishment of sub-national diagnostic laboratories, and creation of systems for information sharing between laboratories and sentinel surveillance sites."
"Increases in influenza testing and number of surveillance sites call into question the notion of efficiency: how much surveillance and laboratory testing is enough, particularly in low-income countries where resources are scarce?"
"Of 35 participating countries, 32 (91%) partly attributed their ability to respond to the pH1N1 pandemic to prior capacity strengthening; this perception of the role of capacity strengthening confirms the critical need for routine clinical, epidemiological, and virological influenza surveillance as a preparedness and response strategy."
"Considerable progress has been made in laboratory and sentinel surveillance capacities, which have proven to be essential building blocks for knowing which strains of influenza circulate globally, detecting and preparing for novel and pandemic influenza, understanding respiratory illness associated with influenza, and expanding public health surveillance beyond influenza."
"This additional surveillance illustrates increased health-system strengthening."
Assesment:
The article derives from a credible source because it's authors constantly site where they obtain their statistics and are members of the CDC. Likewise, the source is an accredited .gov source which indicates that it is unbiased and credible. All of the information obtained throughout the article is referenced and sited by other trustworthy links. In addition, I discovered this article through Galileo.
Reflection:
Discovering how the CDC is constantly helping other countries, even with minor diseases such as influenza, furthers my desire to work there. The many differing ways that the scientists and global health experts are able to help countries maintain outbreaks and the spread of infectious diseases intrigues me. This source relates back to my essential question regarding the development of diseases. By implementing these procedures, the CDC teaches the countries the importance of monitoring and preventing outbreaks. In return, the more monitoring that occurs, the more scientists are able to understand how the diseases work, thus learning how to stop them through medicine.
Citation:
Polansky, Lauren S, et al. “Improved Global Capacity for Influenza Surveillance - Volume 22, Number 6-June 2016 - Emerging Infectious Disease journal - CDC.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 18 Aug. 2016, wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/6/15-1521_article.